strengths and weaknesses of china becoming a superpower

strengths and weaknesses of china becoming a superpowertony modra family

However, there are many negatives. Chinese economic dominance should not be seen as inevitable. Theres going to be much more of a narrowing of what we can pick and choose than what weve been used to, and its going to be more expensive. What region is most responsible for satisfying China's mineral needs? An incredibly large population of relatively well-educated workers has kept the labor supply abun- dant and wages low. Business Insider estimates that China, growing at a rate of 20 cities per year, has enough excess housing for 64 million people. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World. In sum, China has real strengths and real weaknesses that must be considered when developing a global strategy for China. The US president was prepared to take diplomatic risks to form the Aukus pact. But there are also a lot of major weaknesses. At the same time, China's flourishing middle and upper classes form the world's largest market for cars, smartphones, and other expensive goods. Positive attitude. Ever since he came to power in 2012, at the 18th Party Congress, hes been very much a hands-on leader. Fig. Numerous Soviet-made fighter aircraft defected during the Cold War . Thumbnail credit: UCSD Jacobs School of Engineering, UC Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation The global emerging middle class threatens scarce resources such as water, food, and crude oil (check out our explanations Demand for Resources and Resource Management Geography to learn more!). Not all of Chinas investment decisions have been successful. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax Delegating. The U.S. has a lot of problems, but the U.S. has built up a lot of strengths, and the U.S. innovation system is still the world leader. Neither side is backing down, and the use of nuclear weapons is now openly mentioned by high-level politicians on both sides. Yep. While China has endeavoured to lower its coal consumption and automobile emissions, two factors driving these figures, it is having difficulty doing so without damaging its economic growth. In comparison, the equivalent statistic for India is 13%. And because of its authoritarian government, oversight by opposition political parties and a robust free press is sorely lacking. In 2008, China spent $66billion in R&D, the highest amount of any developing nation and the fourth-highest in the world. Rocket Science 2 If the UK is to be a "science superpower", we need to rethink our strategy for science. In each country in the region, more name the U.S. as their most dependable ally than any other country in an open-ended question, including around two-thirds or more in Japan (63%), the Philippines (64%) and South Korea (71%). It also implicitly accepts that the opportunities to overtake the US surpass the risks. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. of the users don't pass the China Superpower quiz! President Barack Obamas State of the Union address centered on improving U.S. innovation and competitiveness. Soviet weapon systems were much sought after by the United States to learn their strengths and weaknesses. Now there is a '3-child policy.' Best study tips and tricks for your exams. The losses from these bad investments have had the effect of offsetting gains made by smarter investments elsewhere and these inefficiencies will make it difficult for China to maximize its potential as it moves forward. Because the Uighurs have sought to break away from China, and China cannot afford to lose access to Xinjiang's resources. Kishore Mahbubani, a diplomat and scholar with unrivalled access to policymakers in Beijing and Washington, has written the definitive guide to the deep fault lines in the relationship, a clear-eyed assessment of the risk of any confrontation, and a bracingly honest appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses, and superpower eccentricities, of . Only in South Korea has confidence in him fallen by double digits since 2018, decreasing 12 points. After World War II, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the US rose to superpower status as the two main protagonists of the Cold War. It is not only the worlds second largest economy and the largest exporter by value, but it has also been investing in overseas infrastructure and development at a rapid clip as part of its Belt and Road Initiative. Speaking to the Senate armed services committee in March, Adm Philip Davidson, at the time heading the US Indo-Pacific Command, put a stark timeframe on a potential invasion, saying: I think the threat is manifest during this decade in fact, in the next six years., He added: I worry that theyre accelerating their ambitions to supplant the United States and our leadership role in the rules-based international order, which theyve long said that they want to do by 2050. Theres a race there that is speeding up. This problem is recognized by CCP leaders. The former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd notes that with Hong Kong firmly in its grip, China sees Taiwan as its unfinished business. Our nations democracy, free press, and federal system of government enable Washington and statehouses around the country to keep a close eye on government investmentsa major national strengthbut we need to invest more in coordinating innovation and competitiveness programs to be as effective as possible in a highly competitive global economy. Its 100% free. It is a model that has generated a broader and deeper science base than any comparably sized nation, as . We are veering increasingly toward competition as opposed to peaceful competition. US$ 14.72 trillion, 2nd largest in the world after USA. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. The Chinese model has been able to mitigate some of these weaknesses, and it has a lot more strengths. Global views of China are, on balance, mixed. The opposite is largely true in the Asia-Pacific countries, where many more name China as a top threat, including 40% of Australians, 50% of Japanese and 62% of Filipinos. More still name the U.S. as the foremost economic power than say the same of China. Across 17 countries, a median of 66% say their countrys current economic relations with China are good. One reason supporting the notion that China will be a benign superpower is the amorality of its current foreign policy. China is now home to the worlds largest hydroelectric dam and the worlds fastest supercomputer. Oftentimes, this means central government funds and directed lending through state-owned banks is put to use by local and provincial authorities in ways inimical to innovation-led economic growth, such as overinvestment in property development. The third characteristic, M, is mobilization. Once theyve decided what they want to do, they can mobilize the system in a way that the anti-statist approach cannot. While China may have an advantage in its economic power, India may have an advantage in its cultural diversity and its commitment to democracy. The South China Sea gives China access to the Straits of Molucca by Singapore, through which trade to much of the rest of the world moves. My book was about political economy, issues like economics and technology and the nature of the state and the critical role these play in a states power, whether its on the military side, whether its on the geostrategic side, or the geo-economic side. Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses. For the last 40 years, theres been this amazing transformation. Finally, China's ageing population and lack of effective immigration policies puts it at a disadvantage when compare to (relatively) liberal policies in other parts of the world, and much more youthful populations elsewhere. Generally speaking, saying that China is the worlds leading economic power, that Chinas growing economy is good for ones own country, that current bilateral economic relations with the superpower are in good shape or that Chinas economic influence is good for ones country is associated with more positive views toward China, holding other factors constant. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. China was able to catch up economically; by the beginning of the 21st century, China was the second largest economy in the world, second to the U.S. And thats a very, very important part of the story. People who name the U.S. as the worlds leading economy are more likely to prefer strong economic ties with the U.S., and the opposite is true when it comes to China. By investing heavily in its own innovation engine, China estimates it can reduce its reliance on foreign technology to less than 30 percent in 2020. There are those that say China has aggressive intentions and global ambitions, and is acting on those global ambitions because that is what great powers do and as they get more powerful they get more ambitious, said David Edelstein, the author of Over the Horizon, a study of how declining and rising powers interact. The U.S. is still far more innovative than China, but if the U.S. doesnt get its act togetherand its struggling to work out politically how to respondthese are going to be increasingly tough issues. On March 3, Ryan Haas published an article in Foreign Affairs cautioning analysts and policymakers against adopting an exclusively alarmist attitude toward China. For Doshi this strategy requires China projecting new leadership and advancing its norms at institutions such as the United Nations, turning the Chinese military into a world-class expeditionary force with bases across the globe and solidifying Chinas place at the centre of global supply chains. China cannot afford to lose control over the South China Sea. . In some of the Middle East and North African countries surveyed, the opposite is true. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. The changes in the [Peoples Liberation Army]s capabilities, with their missile and cyber forces, and their ability to train, advance their joint interoperability and their combat support logistics, all those trend lines indicate to me that within the next six years they will have the capability and the capacity to forcibly reunify with Taiwan, should they choose force to do it. The PLA [Peoples Liberation Army] is preparing a little more every day for an armed conflict with Taiwan, he adds. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. For more details, review our .chakra .wef-12jlgmc{-webkit-transition:all 0.15s ease-out;transition:all 0.15s ease-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:none;color:inherit;font-weight:700;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:hover,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:focus,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(168,203,251,0.5);}privacy policy. Also, the threat of China as a source of world-crippling pandemics and the increasing hostility of the CPC toward capitalist enterprises and billionaires are factors that may produce economic isolation for the country. And in the Philippines, Indonesia, India and South Korea, nearly equal numbers have confidence in North Korean leader Kim Jong Un as in Xi. Across the Asia-Pacific region, around two-thirds or more cite the U.S. as a top ally in Japan (63%), the Philippines (64%) and South Korea (71%). Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The linchpin of the US alliance system in south-east Asia, Taiwan is the biggest island in the first island chain, the group of islands that keeps China blocked in. The Chinese delegation led by Yang Jiechi, centre, speak with their US counterparts at the opening session of US-China talks in Anchorage in March. It is to spend an extra $8.7bn (6.4bn) on defence over the next five years, including on new missiles. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. My positive attitude is definitely one of my strengths. The key debate . What does that mean for people in the U.S. and elsewhere? Cheap labor rates are the keystone to the Chinese economic boom. While not a global superpower, China uses this military might to control its own population (e.g., in Xinjiang), control its contested borders, project power in the South China Sea, make agreements with Pacific Island nations, and make moves towards retaking Taiwan. Tracing the global rise of China's tech giants. Countries on Chinas periphery including the Philippines, South Korea and Japan also view current economic relations with the U.S. much more positively than relations with China. Jones is Labour's go-to on tech policy. First of all, we cant draw a straight line analysis. At the beginning of the 21st century, China was a second or third rank technological power. In several countries people are likely to evaluate current economic relations with one superpower positively, while seeing the other in more negative terms. China can already look at the world on an equal level, Xi told the annual legislative sessions in Beijing in early March, a remark widely interpreted in Chinese media as a declaration by the president that China no longer sees the US as a superior force. Brazil has boomed thanks to the Chinese demand for soybeans and iron, and the US has also benefited greatly from China's demand. 1. Hes made it very clear what he wants. Throughout the report, data is reported for all countries where the question was asked, so any differences in the number of countries presented in a given section stems from some publics not being asked certain questions. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. However, China has major weaknesses that neither Xi nor the U.S. security establishment want to highlight. Then after the 2008 financial crash, Beijing, confident the US model was flawed, shifted to building foundations for a Chinese order within Asia. Resources and power. Weve seen this with COVID-19 and its impact on China. "They are also dramatically increasing their R&D," Porter told LiveScience. Strengths of the Chinese AI Ecosystem - Government's top-down approach to the proliferation of AI, availability and easy access to a huge amount of consumer data, closed-loop ecosystem, and aggressive investment and funding in domestic and foreign AI companies. Unlike the U.S., with its missionary zeal to bring its form of liberty to . Tracts predicting conflict with China have been pouring out for decades. China has the world's largest army, with 2.8 million active troops, and the highest military budget after the US, US$ 237 billion (the US is around US$ 730 billion). Hollywood movies have all references to Taiwan as an independent country, and numerous other sensitive topics, censored. Just 29% have confidence in him to do what is right, which falls far short of the ratings for Japans Shinzo or Indias Narendra Modi. One such example is Nigeria, where 69% say Chinas economic influence is positive and 49% say the same of the U.S. China has also built an oil pipeline to Kazakhstan, its neighbor to the northwest and one of the world's largest producers. U.S. is seen as a top ally in many countries but others view it as a threat. Todays increasingly potent rivalry between the U.S. and China spans many domains, but is particularly acute in the techno-security sphere. When I first started writing this book a decade ago, China was important, but it wasnt at the very top [of the list of priorities] in Washington, DC. And often the state doesnt do a very good job. The Soviet model had fundamental weaknesses that the U.S. didnt have. 2 - What countries spend on their militaries (2019). And this is the paradox: theres this interim stability. Theres a saying that Xi Jinping is the chairman of everything. United States needs to adopt new strategies to capitalize on our nations historical, institutional, and structural advantages as the worlds economic powerhouse. Generally, countries with stronger human rights records and lower levels of corruption tend to be much less keen on China. This is due to China's direct access to reserves in Africa, where in recent years they have gained mineral rights in many countries. China's power is rising, yes. A recent report by the Center for American Progress, Rising to the Challenge: A Progressive Approach to Chinas Innovation and Competitiveness Policies, provides a number of reasons why the United States needs to adopt new strategies to capitalize on our nations historical, institutional, and structural advantages as the worlds economic powerhouse. In June Yang followed this up with a call to the US secretary of state, Antony Blinken, telling him: The Taiwan question concerns Chinas sovereignty and territorial integrity, and involves Chinas core interests. Once they say this is the top priority, they can bring in the top talents, the top institutions from across the country to focus on that. Another school of thought sees this as a classic security dilemma in international relations. This is necessary, argues Tanner Greer, a scholar on Taiwan, because the Taiwanese have in effect given up on training draftees and its military command is isolated and outmoded. And, when it comes to alliances, many more name the U.S. as the top country their nation can rely on than China. In Israel, 82% name the U.S. as the country they can most rely on as a dependable ally in the future. Before he took up his post he completed his now-published analysis The Long Game: Chinas Grand Strategy to Displace the American Order. And usually, its about a 10-hour answer. The demographic factor. Its important to understand what both the political economy and the domestic political system are like in terms of supporting or not supporting the war. By the end of the 1970s, [China was] trying to try to move away from this isolation, this sense of being threatened. If so, when? Copyright 2023 Regents of the University of California. And the Chinese have done very well. Its middle-class population grew, according to official figures, from 39 million in 2000 to 700 million in 2020, though many of these are at the bottom end, having been reclassified as 'middle class' from poverty by a change in the way that the CPC measures poverty. Our aim is not just to change the conversation, but to change the country. Sarnata Reynolds, Zefitret Abera Molla, Grace Oyenubi, Nicole Prchal Svajlenka, 2 More Most Asia-Pacific countries, however, tend to say American economic influence is more positive than Chinas. 1 - Pudong, Shanghai, symbol of China's emerging economic might. And as he noted, Chinas rapid economic growth and heavy investments in science, technology, and innovation pose a serious challenge to our nations status as the worlds leading economy. The COVID-19 pandemic led to the pioneering of 'lockdowns,' including the 60 million people in Hunan province, where the disease originated. While allowing capitalism and free enterprise to thrive, the CPC maintains a financial stake in foreign investments in the country, while pursuing an aggressive export agenda. However, the country is also drowning in crime, political instability, and corruption. A Chicago Council poll in August found only 46% favoured explicitly committing to defend Taiwan if China invaded, even if a far larger number 69% supported US recognition of Taiwan. Towards the end, there was stagnation, a lack of leadership, and a loss of direction. Will China Become the Worlds Technology and Security Superpower? And then the I stands for the nature of innovation itself. That is the strength. At the political level, China switched its focus away from participating in international organisations to blunt US influence. When it comes to whether the U.S. or China is having a positive or negative influence on each countrys economic conditions, though, publics on balance are somewhat more approving of Chinas impact. First, even in the nations that welcome Chinas economic growth, few feel similarly about its growing military might. It is Chinas next target, and as the former British prime minister Theresa May pointed out, no one quite knows if the west is prepared to fight to save Taiwan or whether the new tripartite pact in some way places a new obligation on the UK to come to the countrys defence. China's strength Long-term plans set by the Chinese government have included aggressive targets for economic growth, innovation, and sustainability. And the Chinese are now trying to make that shift. It may have been an inelegantly, even ineptly, executed pivot, gratuitously alienating key allies, but by leaving Afghanistan and forming the Australian, US and UK security pact in the Indo-Pacific, Joe Biden has at least cleared the decks to focus on his great foreign policy challenge the systemic rivalry with China. The thesis expounded by Barack Obama, that the US could use its power to nudge and reassure China towards better behaviour, no longer holds sway. He says the pact and the Afghan withdrawal have to be seen as one. China has recently become the largest CO2 emitter in the world, producing at least 27% of global emissions. 5. The resulting reduction in variable costs is a huge incentive for manufacturers to shift their production facilities to China, where overhead is significantly less than their country of origin. China has the world's largest army, with 2.8 million active troops, and the highest military budget after the US, US$ 237 billion (the US is around US$ 730 billion). One of China's major tech triumphs in recent years has been in renewable power . China has a fairly sound political system. But, even while Chinas rise is largely perceived as positive in emerging economies, there are pockets of discontent. The key debate is about Chinas true intentions, its timeframe and the depth of its resolve to assert its claim, including over Taiwan. China is the 4th largest country in the World, Borders 14 countries including India (2nd most populous country in the World) and Russia (largest country in the world), Long coastline with access to the South China Sea, which is shared by 10 countries. The book is focused on the techno-security domain, strategic capabilities in the national security realm as opposed to the commercial marketplace. This means that the overwhelming majority of the Chinese economy, more than 90 percent, is engaged in regular commercial non-security economic activities that do not represent a threat to the U.S. or the outside world. US policy for 40 years has been one of strategic ambiguity leaving unanswered what the it might do in the event of an invasion. Its easier said than done. The first is that this proximity increases the chances of a military conflict in the region, which could put an end to Chinese growth. With locales not being held sufficiently accountable to meet national standards, progress tends to occur in fits and starts and is not experienced uniformly throughout the country. And thats when I believe it does get dangerous for us all. In fact, in every country surveyed, more name the U.S. than China though opinion is relatively divided in several countries. By the 2020s, this had not changed, as the US's military budget was as large as the next ten countries combined, its economy was still the leader in the world, and it was the head of the rejuvenated NATO, on the edge of a 'New Cold War.'. For example, only 42% of Lebanese say current economic relations with the U.S. are good, compared with 82% who say the same of China. Historical, institutional, and structural advantages as the top country their nation can rely than... Rights records and lower levels of corruption tend to be seen as a threat opposite is.. And structural advantages as the country in South Korea has confidence in him fallen by double digits since,... Is most responsible for satisfying China 's tech giants is 13 % R & amp ; D, quot!, with its missionary zeal to bring its form of liberty to of my strengths feel similarly about growing! Amazing transformation China Sea China can not afford to lose access to Xinjiang 's resources across world... 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